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New to Linux? Looking for an easy to understand online tutorial or book?= Check this out: The Linux Command Line by William E Shotts= , jr.
Just like Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Mac OS X, Linux is an op= erating system. An operating system is software that manages all of the har= dware resources associated with your desktop or laptop. To put it simply = =E2=80=93 the operating system manages the communication between your softw= are and your hardware. Without the operating system (often referred to as t= he =E2=80=9COS=E2=80=9D), the software wouldn=E2=80=99t function. For more = information, visit Linux.com
While some versions of Linux include a graphical desktop, similar to Win= dows, server implementations of Linux however do not generally include a gr= aphical interface. Instead, all work is done by entering commands at a text= prompt called the Command Line.
To log into a Linux server you will need a user account name and passwor= d. If you are connecting to the server remotely you would have provided the= se as part of the SSH command, or Putty configuration. If you are using the= Opmantek VM you can find the default passwords HERE: Default Credentials (Passwords) for NMIS8 VM.
Logging In as Root
If the last character of your Linux Prompt is # instead of $ you are log= ged in as root, which has superuser access. You should never be logged in a= s root, unless what you are doing absolutely requires that level of access.=
The Linux Command Line, or Prompt, allows you to navigate around the fil= e and folder structure, search for information, run programs, create script= s, and configure the server and applications. The sections below prov= ide a basic overview of commands you may find useful while working with Lin= ux.
The Linux Prompt provides several valuable pieces of information. The ex= ample command prompt below provides the current user (root), the host name = of the server or IP address if the hostname isn't set (demo.opmantek.com) ,= the current directory (~) and the level of permissions you are using (# is= for root access, )
Last login: Wed M= ay 23 14:26:20 2018 from 192.168.10.10 [root@demo.opmantek.com ~]#
Linux organizes programs into files and folders, which are stored on dri= ves or shares. Folders provide the concept of an organizational hierarchy i= n each share.
Typing pwd at the command line, then press Enter will p= rovide the path to your current folder. Notice that the prompt indicates yo= u are in the nmis8 folder, but the pwd command provides the full path /usr/= local/nmis.
[root@demo.opmant= ek.com nmis8]# pwd /usr/local/nmis8
As we showed above, the Linux Prompt will show you the name of the curre= nt folder, or directory, you are in. To provide a list of the files and fol= ders in the current directory you can type ls -l at the co= mmand prompt, then press Enter. The ls command will list t= he directory contents, the -l is an argument passed to the ls command, whic= h tells the command to use the long listing format. There are many more arg= uments available for the ls command, they can be found on = the official Manual page HERE: http://linuxcommand= .org/lc3_man_pages/ls1.html
[root@demo.opmant= ek.com nmis8]# ls -l total 16576 drwxrwx--- 5 nmis nmis 4096 May 12 01:56 admin drwxrwx--- 2 nmis nmis 4096 Apr 28 02:45 bin drwxrwx--- 2 nmis nmis 4096 Dec 1 03:22 cgi-bin drwxrwx--- 5 nmis nmis 4096 May 23 15:03 conf lrwxrwxrwx 1 nmis nmis 21 Apr 15 2014 database -> /data/nmis8/dat= abase/ -rw-rw---- 1 nmis nmis 10626 Feb 10 2016 find.patch drwxrwx--- 5 nmis nmis 4096 Dec 1 03:22 htdocs -rw-rw---- 1 nmis nmis 11197 Dec 29 2015 index.html drwxrwxr-x 6 nmis nmis 4096 Dec 1 03:22 install -rw-rw---- 1 nmis nmis 12335212 Dec 1 03:25 install.log -rwxrwx--- 1 nmis nmis 62527 Nov 15 2017 install.pl drwxrwx--- 4 nmis nmis 4096 Dec 1 03:22 lib -rw-rw---- 1 nmis nmis 35801 Nov 15 2017 LICENSE lrwxrwxrwx 1 nmis nmis 13 Apr 15 2014 logs -> /var/log/nmis drwxrwx--- 5 nmis nmis 4096 Apr 15 2014 menu drwxrwx--- 3 nmis nmis 4096 Dec 1 03:22 mibs drwxrwx--- 2 nmis nmis 20480 Dec 1 17:53 models drwxrwxr-x 2 nmis nmis 20480 Dec 1 03:22 models-install -rw-rw---- 1 nmis nmis 1582 Nov 15 2017 README lrwxrwxrwx 1 nmis nmis 25 Apr 6 02:06 var -> /media/ramdisk/nmis8= /var/
A good read in this regard: https://blog.superuser.com/2011/04/22/linux-permissions-demystified/=