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General Node management from the Command Line

The tool opnode_admin.pl lets you list, export, create, modify or delete nodes from the command line. Editing operations involve an export to a JSON file, which you then modify using an editor or other tool of choice, followed by an update of the node using that JSON file. The opnode_admin.pl tool is pretty self-explanatory, and behaves almost identically to the NMIS node_admin.pl tool which is documented extensively here.

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• meta-information like the command set's name - The command set name is (which can be used in CRON to determine when / how often this command set is run.),
• optional control information like scheduling constraints and an expiration policy for the commands in that set,
• filters for selecting which devices/nodes the command set should apply to.  These are the os_info, version, os fields discussed before which are discussed These are discussed in more detail below.
• and finally the list of the actual commands to be run (which may also have certain modifiers and meta-data attached to them).

Here is an excerpt from the default command set that  ships with opConfig:

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This is normally done by filtering by OS info, but not necssarily limited to OS info only:

#filter using both regular expression and string equality checks:
'os_info' => {
 'version' => '/12.2|12.4|15.0/',
 'os' => 'IOS'
},
# or just the specific os family/type and that's all:
'os_info' => { 
 'os' => '/(Linux|CentOS|Ubuntu)/'
},

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Plain string values indicate string comparison, but regular expressions can be given too. A node is only considered for this particular command set if all filtering expressions match. You can filter on any node property, not just properties from os_info (but the default command sets only use os_info).

Grouping commands into sessions

By default all commands for a node will be run sequentially, one after another within the same session/connection to that device.  This can save time as connecting to the device often takes longer than running all the commands one by one.  But this is not always the case,  and there are certain commands that run for a longer period of time (for example system statistics gatherers like vmstat or top). These commands would cause long delays in a sequential run, therefore opConfig lets you specify which commands should have their own separate connections. Separate connections can be opened in parallel.

If you would like to change the default behaviour and have opConfig run all commands in all command set in separate session/connection, simply modify opCommon.nmis like this:

# to run each command in it's own session, change this to true
 'opconfig_run_commands_on_separate_connection' => 'false',

It makes a lot more sense to tell opConfig to run a set of commands on their own or, in most cases, just a single command on its own.  Here is how to make a command or command set have their own sessions/connections:

Please note that a command set that does not have any filter blocks is ignored and treated as disabled. To make a 'wildcard' filter matching anything at all, we recommend that you add an os_info filter block with a 'match-everything' regular expression for os, e.g 'os' => '/.*/'.

Grouping commands into sessions

By default all commands for a node will be run sequentially, one after another within the same session/connection to that device.  This can save time as connecting to the device (and authenticating) often takes longer than running all the commands one by one. 

But this is not always the case, some devices have weird shell command processors which don't take well to this kind of scripted remote control; and then there are certain commands that do run for a longer period of time (for example system statistics gatherers like vmstat or top).  These commands would cause long delays in a sequential run, and opConfig lets you adjust this behaviour to your liking.

Separate sessions for some commands

You can specify which commands should have their own separate connections. Separate connections can be opened in parallel, if opconfig-cli.pl is run with mthread=true.

If you would like to change the default behaviour and have opConfig run all commands in all command set in separate session/connection, simply modify opCommon.nmis like this:

# to run each command in it's own session, change this to true
 'opconfig_

# for all commands in a set, define this in the command set - note the S in run_commandS_...!
'scheduling_info' => {
 'run_commands_on_separate_connection' => 'truefalse',

It makes a lot more sense to tell opConfig to run a set of commands on their own or, in most cases, just a single command on its own.  Here is how to make a command or command set have their own sessions/connections:

# for all commands in a set, define this in the command set - note the S in run_commandS_...!
'scheduling_info' => {
 'run_commands
},

# for just a specific command, set this for the command in question - no S in run_command_...!
commands => [
 {
 'command' => 'show version',
 'run_command_on_separate_connection' => 'true'
},

 }]

In addition to session grouping, a command can also be marked with te privileged property, in which case opConfig will attempt to gain elevated/superuser privileges before attempting to run the command.

How long should captured command output be kept

opConfig 2.2. (and newer) have a flexible purging subsystem which is described in detail on a separate page here. The example above shows roughly how it's controlled: a command or command set can have a  section called purging_policy which controls whether and when a revision should be removed from the database.

What constitutes a change, and when should opConfig create new revisions

Not all output is worthy of change detection; configuration information generally is while performance information generally is not. The configuration for a router, for example, is - but the usage counters on an interface likely are not. As mentioned above, opConfig can deal with both of these types of commands, the "one-shot" ones as well as the change-indicating ones.

In a command set you tell opConfig which commands belong to what class by setting (or omitting) the tag detect-change.

If the tag is present, then change detection is run on this command's output: If and only if  the output is different from the previously stored revision, a new revision is stored along with detailed information of what the changes were. If the tag is not defined, then a new revision is created if the output is different - but no detailed changes are tracked, and the opConfig GUI will only report the command's revision in the list of "commands" but not in the list of "configuration changes".

'tags' => ['detect-change'],

Related to this is the question of what changes that were found should be considered important or relevant.  opConfig can "ignore" unimportant differences in a command's output if you provide it with a set of command filters for a command:

'privileged' => 'false',
'command' => 'ifconfig -a',
'tags' => [ 'DAILY', 'configuration', 'detect-change' ],
  'command_filters' => [
    '/RX packets/',
    '/TX packets/',
    '/RX bytes/',
    '/TX bytes/'
  ]

In the example above, the output of the "ifconfig -a" command would be checked and any changed lines that match TX/RX packets or TX/RX bytes (i.e. the interface counters) are ignored. Any other changes that remain after applying the filters are used to figure out whether to create a new revision or not.

Please note that command filters are possible for both one-shot commands and commands with change-detect enabled,  and behave the same for both.

How to categorize command sets (and why)

As seen in the examples above, commands can have a number of pre-defined tags like detect-change or report-change; but you are encouraged to set your own custom tags to characterize the commands according to your preferences.

The default command set shipped with opConfig uses two primary tags for categorization, DAILY and HOURLY.These are used in the example cron invocations of "opconfig-cli.pl act=run_command_sets" so that all commands with tag DAILY are run only once a day, whereas the HOURLY ones run once an hour. Commands with neither tag will not run periodically, for example there are numerous commands tagged with troubleshooting which will only be run in reaction to an event detected in opEvents.

Using tags in this fashion for categorization is much more convenient than having to tell opconfig-cli.pl which command sets to run by name (which is also possible).

Raising Events when changes are detected

opConfig 2.2 and newer can raise an event with NMIS if a change was detected for a node and a particular command. To activate this feature you have to  give the command in question both the tags detect-change and report-change. You may also give a fixed event severity (values as defined in NMIS), like in this example:

'privileged' => 'false',
'command' => 'chkconfig',
'tags' => [ 'DAILY', 'configuration', 'detect-change', 'report-change' ],
'report_level' => 'Minor',

In this case, the Redhat/Centos command chkconfig (= list of system services to automatically start on boot) will be checked for changes, and if any are found then a "Node Configuration Change" event with the context node in question, the element "chkconfig" and the serverity "Minor" will be raised in the local NMIS.

If you want a more dynamic event severity, then you can use report_level_min_changes which selects a severity based on the number of changes that were found:

{        
 'privileged' => 'true',
 'command' => 'vgdisplay',
 'tags' => [ 'DAILY', 'configuration', 'detect-change', 'report-change' ],
 'report_level_min_changes' => {
   1 => "Normal",
   3 => "Minor",
   10 => "Major" },
}

# for just a specific command, set this for the command in question - no S in run_command_...!
commands => [
 {
 'command' => 'show version',
 'run_command_on_separate_connection' => 'true',
 }]

Privileged Mode

Many types of devices distinguish between a normal and a privileged/superuser/elevated mode, and allow certain commands only in privileged mode. opConfig needs to know whether that applies to your device and which commands are affected.

In opConfig 3.0.2 and newer, every credential set indicates whether it grants direct and permanent access to privileged mode (always_privileged true), or whether opConfig needs to switch between normal and privileged mode (possibly repeatedly). Older versions only support the dual, mode-switching setup.

Commands affected by this distinction need to be marked with the privileged property, in which case opConfig will attempt to gain elevated/superuser privileges before attempting to run the command.
When connected to a device in always privileged mode, opConfig ignores the privileged property.

Non-interactive commands

Before version 3.0.3 opConfig would always open an interactive session to the device, then issue commands one by one. Amongst other things this requires a working phrasebook for the type of device, and imposes certain constraints - but when it works it's very efficient.

Recently we've run into a few devices (types and versions), where remote controlling  the shell processor is unreliable - which can cause opConfig to fail to properly communicate with the device, e.g. if the prompt cannot be determined reliably.

Version 3.0.3 introduces an alternative, but for SSH only, which bypasses the shell/cli command processor on the device as much as possible.

You can adjust this behaviour for a whole command set (or an individual command) with the command set property run_commands_noninteractively. Default is false; if set to true, opConfig will issue every single command 'blindly' and independently in a new SSH connection just for this command. For transport type Telnet this property is ignored.

This option is similar to what run_commands_on_separate_connection does, except interactive prompts and the like are not relevant here: opConfig starts a new ssh client for each command, and each ssh client terminates after returning the output of the command execution on the node.

• The advantage here is that opConfig doesn't have to interact with the node's command processor in a command-response-prompt-command-response... cycle; As such it's more robust.
• The disadvantage is that a new SSH connection must be opened for every single command, which is a relatively costly operation in terms of processing.
  Furthermore this cannot work with Telnet (which is interactive by design).

How long should revisions (and their captured command output) be kept

opConfig 2.2. (and newer) have a flexible purging subsystem which is described in detail on a separate page here. The example above shows roughly how it's controlled: a command or command set can have a  section called purging_policy which controls whether and when a revision should be removed from the database.

What constitutes a change, and when should opConfig create new revisions

Not all output is worthy of change detection; configuration information generally is while performance information generally is not. The configuration for a router, for example, is - but the usage counters on an interface likely are not. As mentioned above, opConfig can deal with both of these types of commands, the "one-shot" ones as well as the change-indicating ones.

In a command set you tell opConfig which commands belong to what class by setting (or omitting) the tag detect-change.

If the tag is present, then change detection is run on this command's output: If and only if  the output is different from the previously stored revision, a new revision is stored along with detailed information of what the changes were. If the tag is not defined, then a new revision is created if the output is different - but no detailed changes are tracked, and the opConfig GUI will only report the command's revision in the list of "commands" but not in the list of "configuration changes".

'tags' => ['detect-change'],

Related to this is the question of what changes that were found should be considered important or relevant.  opConfig can "ignore" unimportant differences in a command's output if you provide it with a set of command filters for a command:

'privileged' => 'false',
'command' => 'ifconfig -a',
'tags' => [ 'DAILY', 'configuration', 'detect-change' ],
  'command_filters' => [
    '/RX packets/',
    '/TX packets/',
    '/RX bytes/',
    '/TX bytes/'
  ]

In the example above, the output of the "ifconfig -a" command would be checked and any changed lines that match TX/RX packets or TX/RX bytes (i.e. the interface counters) are ignored. Any other changes that remain after applying the filters are used to figure out whether to create a new revision or not.

Please note that command filters are possible for both one-shot commands and commands with change-detect enabled,  and behave the same for both.

Raising Events when changes are detected

opConfig 2.2 and newer can raise an event with NMIS if a change was detected for a node and a particular command. To activate this feature you have to  give the command in question both the tags detect-change and report-change. You may also give a fixed event severity (values as defined in NMIS), like in this example:

'privileged' => 'false',
'command' => 'chkconfig',
'tags' => [ 'DAILY', 'configuration', 'detect-change', 'report-change' ],
'report_level' => 'Minor',

In this case, the Redhat/Centos command chkconfig (= list of system services to automatically start on boot) will be checked for changes, and if any are found then a "Node Configuration Change" event with the context node in question, the element "chkconfig" and the serverity "Minor" will be raised in the local NMIS.

If you want a more dynamic event severity, then you can use report_level_min_changes which selects a severity based on the number of changes that were found:

{        
 'privileged' => 'true',
 'command' => 'vgdisplay',
 'tags' => [ 'DAILY', 'configuration', 'detect-change', 'report-change' ],
 'report_level_min_changes' => {
   1 => "Normal",
   3 => "Minor",
   10 => "Major" },
}

In this example, changes in the vgdisplay command output would result in an event of severity Normal if there are 1 or 2 changes, Minor for 3 to 9 changes, and Major for 10 or more.

Tracking Files

opConfig version 3.0.3 introduces a new capability: Arbitrary files can now be downloaded from a node (with SCP), stored and tracked by opConfig.
Here is an snippet from the example command set named file_store.nmis that ships with opConfig:

# ...other command set structure
scheduling_info => 
{
  # indicates work to be performed by and on the opConfig host
  run_local => 'true',        
},
commands => [
  {
    command => '_download_file_ scp:///var/log/secure', 
    store_internal => 'false',
    tags => [ 'detect-change', 'other', 'custom', 'tags' ], 
  },
  {
    command => '_download_file_ scp://file_in_user_homedir',
    store_internal => 'true', # is the default,
    tags => [ 'detect-change' ],
  },
],...

To instruct opConfig to track one or more files, you have to

1. set up a command set with the scheduling property run_local set to true,
2. and add a separate special _download_file_ command for every file you want  to track.
3. If you want the file data to be treated as binary, set store_internal to false.

The run_local option indicates that all commands in this command set are to be run on the opConfig server, instead of on the node in question.

The special/pseudo-command _download_file_ requires an scp URI to be given. Note that the first two "/" characters in scp:///some/abs/path.txt belong to the URI, and the path in question is /some/abs/path.txt. In the second example above, the path is a plain relative file_in_user_homedir which means scp will look for this file in the user's home directory.

If you leave the store_internal option set to true (or omit  it altogether), then the normal storage  behaviour is selected: opConfig assumes your file contents are text, treats them as the 'command output' for this special command, and stores the output in the database. Hence, you'll see the whole file contents in the GUI, and change detection will be performed line-by-line. This does not work for binary files, and cannot work for large files (above 16 megabytes) either.

On the other hand with this option set to false, opConfig stores a separate copy of the the file for each revision (under the directory configured with config option opconfig_external_store, usually /usr/local/omk/var/opconfig/external). The 'command output' is made up from the size and the SHA256 checksum of the file contents, and change detection (and the GUI) uses this data instead of the (binary or huge) file contents. This produces much more coarse change detection, but works with binary files. In the GUI you'll see the made up 'command output', and a button to download the actual file data.

All other opConfig capabilities work normally for file tracking commands; e.g. scheduling, tags, purging of old revisions, revision creation itself and so on.

How to categorize command sets (and why)

As seen in the examples above, commands can have a number of pre-defined tags like detect-change or report-change; but you are encouraged to set your own custom tags to characterize the commands according to your preferences.

The default command set shipped with opConfig uses two primary tags for categorization, DAILY and HOURLY.These are used in the example cron invocations of "opconfig-cli.pl act=run_command_sets" so that all commands with tag DAILY are run only once a day, whereas the HOURLY ones run once an hour. Commands with neither tag will not run periodically, for example there are numerous commands tagged with troubleshooting which will only be run in reaction to an event detected in opEvents.

Using tags in this fashion for categorization is much more convenient than having to tell opconfig-cli.pl which command sets to run by name (which is also possible).

 In this example, changes in the vgdisplay command output would result in an event of severity Normal if there are 1 or 2 changes, Minor for 3 to 9 changes, and Major for 10 or more.

General Usage of opconfig-cli.pl

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